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Tone numbers are numerical digits used like letters to mark the tones of a language. The number is usually placed after a romanized syllable. Tone numbers are defined for a particular language, so they have little meaning between languages. Other means of indicating tone in romanization include diacritics, tone letters, and orthographic changes to the consonants or vowels. For instance, in Mandarin, the syllable (which has a falling-rising tone) is represented in Wade-Giles romanization as ''ma3'', with a tone number; in Hanyu Pinyin as ''mǎ'', with a diacritic; and in Gwoyeu Romatzyh as ''maa'', with a change in the vowel. ==In Chinese== In the Chinese tradition, numbers, diacritics, and names are assigned to the historical four tones of Chinese. These are consistent across all Chinese dialects, reflecting the development of tone diachronically. However, it is also common to number the tones of a particular dialect independently of the others. For example, Standard Chinese has four–five tones and the digits 1–5 or 0–4 are assigned to them; Cantonese has 6–9 tones, and the digits from 0 or 1 to 6 or 9 are assigned to them. In this case, Mandarin tone 4 has nothing to do with Cantonese tone 4, as can be seen by comparing the tone charts of Standard Chinese (Mandarin), Cantonese, and Taiwanese Hokkien. Note: Tone sandhi rules and the unstressed syllable of Mandarin are not listed here for simplicity. To enhance recognition and learning, color has also been associated with the tones.〔Nathan Dummit, Chinese Through Tone & Color (2008) or (www.chinesecoloured.com )〕 Although there are no formal standards, the de facto standard has been to use red (tone 1), orange (tone 2), green (tone 3), blue (tone 4) and black (tone 5). This color palette has been implemented in translation tools 〔(Loqu8 iCE, a popup Chinese-English dictionary and translation tool )〕 and online dictionaries〔MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary. In Display Options, "Mandarin tone colors", ()〕 Although such numbers are useless in comparative studies, they are convenient for in-dialect descriptions: * In Mandarin, the numeral one, originally in tone 1, is pronounced in tone 4 if followed by a classifier in tone 1, 2, or 3. It is pronounced in tone 2 if the classifier has tone 4. * In Taiwanese tone sandhi, tone 1 is pronounced as tone 7 if followed by another syllable in a polysyllabic word. Some romanization schemes, like Jyutping, use tone numbers. Even for Pinyin, tone numbers are used instead when diacritics are not available, as in basic ASCII text. For the numbers of the traditional tone classes, which are consistent between dialects, see four tones (Chinese). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「tone number」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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